Document Type : Original Article
Author
Professor of higher levels of Qom Seminary, Qom, Iran
10.22034/mft.2023.14805.1248
Abstract
Distance in human communication always has certain limits, which have certain messages in different cultures and types of communicators according to their position, gender, etc. Since the mission of jurisprudence is to set norms in intra-individual, interpersonal and social actions, and in short, any kind of human relationship with oneself, God, and other human beings and creatures, the analysis of the jurisprudential ruling of communication distance in human relationships will be one of the important topics of this field. The above research has addressed a special issue of this field, which is the jurisprudence of social distance at the beginning of human communication, and using the method of ijtihad analysis, it has reached the following results: the principle of distance between believers at the beginning of communication, the desirability of communicating at an intimate, close and personal distance based on Touching is religious, but this affection has become sacred in six cases: the emanation of offensive odor from the body and clothes, the presence of a contagious disease in one of the communicating parties, communication between two non-mahram, whispering in public, entering the privacy of a place where two other people are communicating.
Keywords
* Holy Quran (translation by Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi).
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21. Harr Aamili, Muhammad bin Hassan; Al-Shia means; Ch1, Qom: Al-Al-Bayt Institute, 1409 AH.
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37. Tousi, Mohammad bin Hasan; Rizal Al-Tosi; Ch3, Qom: Islamic Publications, 1373.
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51. Muslim bin Hajjaj Nishaburi; Sahih Beirut; Dar Ihya al-Trath Al-Arabi, Bita.
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54. Makarem Shirazi, Naser; The Book of Marriage; Ch1, Qom: Publications of Imam Ali School, 1424 AH.
55. Mirdamad, Mohammad Bagher; Al-Washeh Al-Samawiyyah; Ch1, Qom: Dar al-Khilafah, 1311 AH.
56. Najashi, Ahmad bin Ali; Rijal al-Najashi; Ch6, Qom: Al-Nashar al-Islami Foundation, 1365.
57. Najafi, Mohammad Hassan; Jawahar Kalam; Ch7, Beirut: DaLiberation of Arab heritage, 1404 AH.
58. Naraghi, Ahmad bin Mohammad Mahdi; Shia Documentary; Ch1, Qom: Al Al-Bayt Institute, peace be upon them, 1415 AH.
59. Nouri, Hossein bin Mohammad Taqi; Mustardek Al-Wasail; Q1, Qom: Al-Al-Bayt Foundation, peace be upon them, 1408 AH.
60. Nawi, Yahya bin Sharaf; Al-Azkar nuclear; Ch2, Damascus - Beirut: Dar Ibn Kathir, 1410 AH.
61. Vahid Khorasani, Hossein; explanation of the issues; Ch9, Qom: Madrasah of Imam Baqir, peace be upon him, 1428 AH.
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66. Dubnova, Alan; Reflection on the foundations of democracy, translated by Bozor Naderzad, Tehran: Cheshme Publishing House, 1378.
67. Moidfar Saeed; Seyed Alireza Darbandi, investigation of collective behavior of Tehrani citizens, Iranian Journal of Sociology, Autumn 2015, Vol. 7, pp. 34-58.
68. Ansari, Morteza bin Mohammad Amin; Book of gains; Q1, Qom: World Congress honoring Sheikh Azam Ansari, 1415 AH.
69. Muzaffar, Mohammad Reza; The principles of fiqh; Ch5, Qom: Ismailian Publishing House, 1375.
70. Floyd, Kory; Interpersonal Communication; New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
71. Hall, E.T.; The hidden dimension; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966.
72. Mehrabian; Albert, Nonverbal Communication; New York: Routledge, 2017.
73. Samovar, Larry A.; Richard E. Porter, Edwin; R. McDaniel & Carolyn S. Roy, Communication Between Cultures, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013.
74. Wood, Julia T; Communication Mosaics: Interpersonal Communication; Eighth Edition, Boston, Cengage Learning, 2014.
75. Webber, Roger; Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control: A Global Perspective; CABI, 2005.Liberation of Arab heritage, 1404 AH.
58. Naraghi, Ahmad bin Mohammad Mahdi; Shia Documentary; Ch1, Qom: Al Al-Bayt Institute, peace be upon them, 1415 AH.
59. Nouri, Hossein bin Mohammad Taqi; Mustardek Al-Wasail; Q1, Qom: Al-Al-Bayt Foundation, peace be upon them, 1408 AH.
60. Nawi, Yahya bin Sharaf; Al-Azkar nuclear; Ch2, Damascus - Beirut: Dar Ibn Kathir, 1410 AH.
61. Vahid Khorasani, Hossein; explanation of the issues; Ch9, Qom: Madrasah of Imam Baqir, peace be upon him, 1428 AH.
62. Wood, Giuliati; interpersonal communication; Translator: Mehrdad Firouzbakht; Ch3, Tehran: Mehtab Publications, 2014.
63. Harjee, Owen and Saunders, Christian and Dixon, David; Social skills in interpersonal communication, translators: Mehrdad Firouzbakht and Khashayar Beigi; Ch5, Tehran: Rushd, 2018.
64. Hashemi Shahroudi, Seyed Mahmoud and a group of researchers; (under supervision: Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi, Shahroudi); The culture of jurisprudence according to the religion of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them. Qom: Institute of Islamic Jurisprudence Encyclopaedia of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, 1426 AH.
65. Atali, Jacques, Brotherhood: Armanshahri Navin, Ch. 1, Tehran: Vandisheh Culture Publishing House, 1382.
66. Dubnova, Alan; Reflection on the foundations of democracy, translated by Bozor Naderzad, Tehran: Cheshme Publishing House, 1378.
67. Moidfar Saeed; Seyed Alireza Darbandi, investigation of collective behavior of Tehrani citizens, Iranian Journal of Sociology, Autumn 2015, Vol. 7, pp. 34-58.
68. Ansari, Morteza bin Mohammad Amin; Book of gains; Q1, Qom: World Congress honoring Sheikh Azam Ansari, 1415 AH.
69. Muzaffar, Mohammad Reza; The principles of fiqh; Ch5, Qom: Ismailian Publishing House, 1375.
70. Floyd, Kory; Interpersonal Communication; New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
71. Hall, E.T.; The hidden dimension; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966.
72. Mehrabian; Albert, Nonverbal Communication; New York: Routledge, 2017.
73. Samovar, Larry A.; Richard E. Porter, Edwin; R. McDaniel & Carolyn S. Roy, Communication Between Cultures, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013.
74. Wood, Julia T; Communication Mosaics: Interpersonal Communication; Eighth Edition, Boston, Cengage Learning, 2014.
75. Webber, Roger; Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control: A Global Perspective; CABI, 2005.
1. Ibn Ash'ath, Muhammad bin Muhammad; Al-Jaafriyat; Ch 1, Tehran: Al-Ninavi Modern Library, Beta.
2. Ibn al-Ghazaeri, Ahmad bin Hossein; men; Ch1, Qom: Dar al-Hadith, 1364.
3. Ibn Saad, Abu Abdullah Muhammad; the upper classes; Ch1, Beirut: Dar Sader, 1968.
4. Ibn Tawoos, Ali Ibn Musa; Falah Al-Saqil; Ch1, Qom: Bostan Kitab, 1406 AH.
5. Ibn Asaker, Ali Ibn Al Hasan; History of Medina Damascus; Beirut: Dar al-Fakr, 1415 AH.
6. Araki, Mohammad Ali; A margin on the explanation of Imam Khomeini's issues; Ch8, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1424 AH.
7. Estrabadi, Muhammad bin Ali, Manhaj al-Maqal, Ch1, Qom: Al-Bayt (peace be upon him) Foundation for Revival of Heritage, 1422 AH.
8. Khomeini, Seyyed Ruhollah, The Book of Purification; Ch 1, Tehran: Institute for organizing and publishing the works of Imam Khomeini, Quds Serh, 1421 AH.
9. Khomeini, Seyyed Ruhol-Allah, Explanation of the Matters (Mohshi); Ch8, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1424 AH.
10. Anoushe, Seyed Mahmoud; non-verbal communication (body language); Ch1, Tehran: Andisheh Javan Publications, 2013.
11. Ahwazi, Hussein bin Saeed, Al-Momin, Qom: Imam Al-Mahdi Foundation, peace be upon him, 1404 AH.
12. Bahr al-Uloom, Muhammad Mahdi bin Mortaza, al-Fawad al-Rajaliyah, Ch. 1, Tehran: Al-Sadiq Library (peace be upon him), 1363.
13. Bahrani Yusuf bin Ahmad; Gardens Q1, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1405 AH.
14. Bukhari, Muhammad bin Ismail; Sahih al-Bukhari; Ch 1, Beirut: Dar Taq al-Najah, 1422 AH.
15. Berko, Ray MD. Welwyn, Andrew and R. Welwyn, Darlene; communication management; Translator: Seyyed Mohammad Arabi and Vadav Izadi; Ch6, Tehran: Cultural Research Office, 1389.
16. Blake, Reid and Haroldsen, Edwin; Classification of concepts in communication; Translator: Masoud Ohadi, Ch 3, Tehran: Soroush Publishing House, 2013.
17. Tabrizi, Javad Bin Ali; treatise on women's rulings; Q1, Qom: Dar al-Siddiqah al-Shahida, Bita.
18. Tirmezi, Muhammad bin Isa; Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Beirut: Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, 1998.
19. Torrance, Mary. Oh you; Principles and concepts of epidemiology; Translator: Dr. Parveen Yavari; Ch1, Tehran: Shahrah Publications, 2013.
20. Haeri Mazandarani, Mohammad Bin Ismail; the end of the article; Ch1, Qom: Al-Al-Bayt Institute, 1416 AH.
21. Harr Aamili, Muhammad bin Hassan; Al-Shia means; Ch1, Qom: Al-Al-Bayt Institute, 1409 AH.
22. Khansari, Seyed Ahmad; Jame-ul-Madarak; Ch2, Qom: Ismailian Institute, 1405 AH.
23. Khoei, Sidabul al-Qasim; Margin on explanation of issues (Mohshi - Imam Khomeini); Q8, Qom: Islamic Publishing House, 1424 AH
24. Khoi, Sidabul al-Qasim; The Majeem of Rijal al-Hadith; Qom: Islamic Culture Publishing Center, 1373.
25. Richmond, VA and McCrosky, James C.; non-verbal behavior in interpersonal relationships; Translators: Fatemeh Sadat Mousavi and Vajila Abdullahpour (under the supervision and editing of: Gholamreza Azari), Tehran: Danje Publishing House. 2018
26. Sajestani, Abu Daoud, Sunan Abi-Daoud, Ch. 1, Beirut: Dar al-Rasalah al-Alamiya, 1430 AH.
27. Shabiri Zanjani, Seyed Moussa; marriage book; Q1, Qom: Rai Pardaz Research Institute, 1419 AH.
28. The second martyr, Zain al-Din bin Ali; Issues of understanding to revise the laws of Islam; Q1, Qom: Al-Maarif Islamic Foundation, 1413 AH.
29. Safi Golpayegani, Lotfollah, the margin on explanation of issues (Mohshi - Imam Khomeini); Ch8, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1424 AH.
30. Sadouq, Muhammad bin Ali; I am for Hazrat Al-Faqih; Ch2, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1413 AH.
31. Tabatabayi, Seyyed Ali bin Muhammad; Riyad al-Masal; Ch1, Qom: Al-Al-Bayt Institute, 1418 AH.
32. Tabarani, Suleiman bin Ahmed; Al-Mujajm Al-Awsat; Cairo: Darul Harameen, Bita.
33. Tabarsi, Hassan bin Fazl; Makaram-ul-Akhlaq; Chapter 4, Qom: Al-Sharif al-Radhi, 1370.
34. Tousi, Mohammad bin Hasan; Al-Astabsar Fima Akhlaf Man Al-Akhbar; Ch1, Tehran: Dar al-Kutb-al-Islamiya, 1390 AH.
35. Tousi, Mohammad bin Hasan; Al-Ada; Qom: Star Printing House, 1417 AH.
36. Tousi, Mohammad Bin Hasan; Tahzeeb Al-Ahkam; Ch 4, Tehran: Dar al-Kutb Al-Islamiya, 1407 AH.
37. Tousi, Mohammad bin Hasan; Rizal Al-Tosi; Ch3, Qom: Islamic Publications, 1373.
38. Tousi, Mohammad bin Hasan; List of Al-Shia books; Ch1, Qom: Al-Muhaqq Al-Tabataba'i School, 1420 AH.
39. Aamily, Muhammad bin Ali, Madarak al-Ahkam, Al-Al-Bayt Institute, Beirut, 1st, 1411 AH;
40. Fazel Lankarani, Mohammad; explanation of the issues; Ch 114, Qom: Office of His Holiness, 1426 AH.
41. Farhani, Ali-Akbar; non-verbal communication; Ch1, Tehran: Maidanchi Publications, 2015.
42. Kashi, Muhammad bin Omar; the knowledge of men; Q1, Qom: Al-Al-Bayt Foundation, 1363.
43. Kalini, Mohammad Bin Yaqoob; sufficient; Ch 4, Tehran: Dar al-Kutb-al-Islamiya, 1407 AH.
44. Kofi Ahwazi, Hossein bin Saeed; Al-Mu'min; Qom: Imam al-Mahdi Foundation, 1404 AH.
45. Golpaigani, Seyyed Mohammad Reza; Margin on explanation of issues (Mohshi - Imam Khomeini); Ch8, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1424 AH
46. Majlisi, Mohammad Baqer; The mirror of the minds in the description of the news of the Prophet. Ch2, Tehran: Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiya, 1404 AH.
47. Majlisi, Mohammad Bagher; Bihar Anwar; Ch2, Beirut: Dar Ihya al-Trath-al-Arabi, 1403 AH.
48. Majlisi, Mohammad Taqi; Lua'am Sahibqorani; Ch2, Qom: Ismailian Institute, 1414 AH.
49. Mohsenian-Rad, Mehdi; Communication (second edition; with revisions and corrections); Ch 16, Tehran: Soroush, 2016.
50. Mohaghegh Hali, Jafar bin Hassan; Al-Rashah Al-Tsaa; Ch1, Qom: Ayatollah Marashi Library Publications, 1413 AH.
51. Muslim bin Hajjaj Nishaburi; Sahih Beirut; Dar Ihya al-Trath Al-Arabi, Bita.
52. Makarem Shirazi, Naser; Al-Ahkam-ul-Nasa; Ch1, Qom: Publications of Imam Ali School, 1426 AH.
53. Makarem Shirazi, Naser; new polls; Ch2, Qom: Publications of the school of Imam Ali, peace be upon him, 1427 AH.
54. Makarem Shirazi, Naser; The Book of Marriage; Ch1, Qom: Publications of Imam Ali School, 1424 AH.
55. Mirdamad, Mohammad Bagher; Al-Washeh Al-Samawiyyah; Ch1, Qom: Dar al-Khilafah, 1311 AH.
56. Najashi, Ahmad bin Ali; Rijal al-Najashi; Ch6, Qom: Al-Nashar al-Islami Foundation, 1365.
57. Najafi, Mohammad Hassan; Jawahar Kalam; Ch7, Beirut: DaLiberation of Arab heritage, 1404 AH.
58. Naraghi, Ahmad bin Mohammad Mahdi; Shia Documentary; Ch1, Qom: Al Al-Bayt Institute, peace be upon them, 1415 AH.
59. Nouri, Hossein bin Mohammad Taqi; Mustardek Al-Wasail; Q1, Qom: Al-Al-Bayt Foundation, peace be upon them, 1408 AH.
60. Nawi, Yahya bin Sharaf; Al-Azkar nuclear; Ch2, Damascus - Beirut: Dar Ibn Kathir, 1410 AH.
61. Vahid Khorasani, Hossein; explanation of the issues; Ch9, Qom: Madrasah of Imam Baqir, peace be upon him, 1428 AH.
62. Wood, Giuliati; interpersonal communication; Translator: Mehrdad Firouzbakht; Ch3, Tehran: Mehtab Publications, 2014.
63. Harjee, Owen and Saunders, Christian and Dixon, David; Social skills in interpersonal communication, translators: Mehrdad Firouzbakht and Khashayar Beigi; Ch5, Tehran: Rushd, 2018.
64. Hashemi Shahroudi, Seyed Mahmoud and a group of researchers; (under supervision: Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi, Shahroudi); The culture of jurisprudence according to the religion of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them. Qom: Institute of Islamic Jurisprudence Encyclopaedia of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, 1426 AH.
65. Atali, Jacques, Brotherhood: Armanshahri Navin, Ch. 1, Tehran: Vandisheh Culture Publishing House, 1382.
66. Dubnova, Alan; Reflection on the foundations of democracy, translated by Bozor Naderzad, Tehran: Cheshme Publishing House, 1378.
67. Moidfar Saeed; Seyed Alireza Darbandi, investigation of collective behavior of Tehrani citizens, Iranian Journal of Sociology, Autumn 2015, Vol. 7, pp. 34-58.
68. Ansari, Morteza bin Mohammad Amin; Book of gains; Q1, Qom: World Congress honoring Sheikh Azam Ansari, 1415 AH.
69. Muzaffar, Mohammad Reza; The principles of fiqh; Ch5, Qom: Ismailian Publishing House, 1375.
70. Floyd, Kory; Interpersonal Communication; New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
71. Hall, E.T.; The hidden dimension; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966.
72. Mehrabian; Albert, Nonverbal Communication; New York: Routledge, 2017.
73. Samovar, Larry A.; Richard E. Porter, Edwin; R. McDaniel & Carolyn S. Roy, Communication Between Cultures, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013.
74. Wood, Julia T; Communication Mosaics: Interpersonal Communication; Eighth Edition, Boston, Cengage Learning, 2014.
75. Webber, Roger; Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control: A Global Perspective; CABI, 2005.Liberation of Arab heritage, 1404 AH.
58. Naraghi, Ahmad bin Mohammad Mahdi; Shia Documentary; Ch1, Qom: Al Al-Bayt Institute, peace be upon them, 1415 AH.
59. Nouri, Hossein bin Mohammad Taqi; Mustardek Al-Wasail; Q1, Qom: Al-Al-Bayt Foundation, peace be upon them, 1408 AH.
60. Nawi, Yahya bin Sharaf; Al-Azkar nuclear; Ch2, Damascus - Beirut: Dar Ibn Kathir, 1410 AH.
61. Vahid Khorasani, Hossein; explanation of the issues; Ch9, Qom: Madrasah of Imam Baqir, peace be upon him, 1428 AH.
62. Wood, Giuliati; interpersonal communication; Translator: Mehrdad Firouzbakht; Ch3, Tehran: Mehtab Publications, 2014.
63. Harjee, Owen and Saunders, Christian and Dixon, David; Social skills in interpersonal communication, translators: Mehrdad Firouzbakht and Khashayar Beigi; Ch5, Tehran: Rushd, 2018.
64. Hashemi Shahroudi, Seyed Mahmoud and a group of researchers; (under supervision: Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi, Shahroudi); The culture of jurisprudence according to the religion of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them. Qom: Institute of Islamic Jurisprudence Encyclopaedia of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, 1426 AH.
65. Atali, Jacques, Brotherhood: Armanshahri Navin, Ch. 1, Tehran: Vandisheh Culture Publishing House, 1382.
66. Dubnova, Alan; Reflection on the foundations of democracy, translated by Bozor Naderzad, Tehran: Cheshme Publishing House, 1378.
67. Moidfar Saeed; Seyed Alireza Darbandi, investigation of collective behavior of Tehrani citizens, Iranian Journal of Sociology, Autumn 2015, Vol. 7, pp. 34-58.
68. Ansari, Morteza bin Mohammad Amin; Book of gains; Q1, Qom: World Congress honoring Sheikh Azam Ansari, 1415 AH.
69. Muzaffar, Mohammad Reza; The principles of fiqh; Ch5, Qom: Ismailian Publishing House, 1375.
70. Floyd, Kory; Interpersonal Communication; New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
71. Hall, E.T.; The hidden dimension; Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966.
72. Mehrabian; Albert, Nonverbal Communication; New York: Routledge, 2017.
73. Samovar, Larry A.; Richard E. Porter, Edwin; R. McDaniel & Carolyn S. Roy, Communication Between Cultures, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013.
74. Wood, Julia T; Communication Mosaics: Interpersonal Communication; Eighth Edition, Boston, Cengage Learning, 2014.
75. Webber, Roger; Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Control: A Global Perspective; CABI, 2005.
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