Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Department of Law, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan Branch _and Department of Human Rights Law, Al-Mustafa Al-Alamiyah Educational Institute
Abstract
In Islamic jurisprudence and Iranian law, the principle is based on personal responsibility (Yazdanian, 1394: 143) and the jurisprudential rule of "minister" (Shahid Thani, 1414: 10/38 and 4/69) is also useful in this sense (Mohaghegh Hali, 1387 : 4/426; Mohaghegh Damad, 1379: 4/163, Hali, 1407: 4/528; Simari, 1420: 4/384; Karaki, 1414: 6/7). The principle of personal responsibility means that no one bears the burden of other sins and everyone is responsible for their own actions. However, in jurisprudence and law, there are cases that seem to have deviated from this principle. According to Article 7 of the Civil Liability Law adopted in 1339, whenever parents are at fault in the care and custody of the child, they are responsible for the harmful acts of the child and this responsibility, according to this article, includes harmful acts of the child in cyberspace.One example of parental guilt is proving the child's upbringing. From a legal point of view, incomplete upbringing of a child is considered a fault and entails the responsibility of parents (Safaei, Rahimi, 2012, 295). In this article, it has been proved by descriptive analytical method that due to the special nature of cyberspace, parental responsibility can really be the result of a non-perceived act and in some cases, despite the apparent fault of parents, relying on restrictions on parents' right to education. The child, such as respect for the right to physical integrity, privacy and freedom of opinion and expression of the child, parents are not responsible for the defect in upbringing and are judged not to be guilty.
Highlights
Keywords
Main Subjects
References
1. Ibn Baraj, Abdul Azir Tripoli, Al-Madhhab, first edition, vol. 2, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1406 AH.
2. Ibn Hamzah, Muhammad ibn Ali, Al-Wasilah al-Nil al-Fadhilah, first edition, Qom: Al-Khayyam School, 1408 AH.
3. Ibn Manzur, Muhammad ibn Makram, Language of the Arabs, third edition, Beirut: Dar Sader, 1414 AH.
4. Asadi, Leila Sadat, "Child Privacy and Parents' Right to Education", Jurisprudence and Family Law (Nedaye Sadegh), Year 13, No. 50, 2009.
5. Arafi, Alireza, Seyed Naghi Mousavi, "Children's doctrinal education from the perspective of jurisprudence", A New Exploration in Islamic Jurisprudence, Volume 20, Number 2, 2013.
6. Arafi, Alireza, Javad Ebrahimi, "Laying methods of social education of children; Jurisprudential Rule ", Studies of Educational Jurisprudence, Volume 4, Number 8, 2017.
7. Afkhami Ardakani, Mohammad Ali, "Explaining the methods of social education in Nahj al-Balaghah", Nahj al-Balaghah Quarterly, No. 21-22, 2007.
8. Emami, Seyed Hassan, Civil Law, Second Edition, Tehran: Islamic Bookstore, 1964.
9. Ansari, Sheikh Morteza, Al-Makasib, second edition, Qom: Al-Imam Al-Montazer Publications, 1425 AH.
10. Ansari, Qudratullah, the rules and rights of children in Islam, taken from the encyclopedia of the rules of children and evidences, first edition, Qom: Jurisprudential Center of the Imams?
11. Anvari, Hassan, Farhang Bozorg Sokhan, first edition, vol. 6, Tehran: Sokhan Publications, 2002.
12. Bahrani, Sheikh Yusuf, Al-Hadaiq Al-Nadharah Fi Ahkam Al-Atra Al-Tahira, vol. 13, Qom, Islamic Publications Office, 1405 AH.
13. Bedar Luke, Jose Dezil, Luke Lamarche, Social Psychology, Translator: Hamzeh Ganji, First Edition, Tehran: Savalan Publishing, 2004.
14. Baghdali, Ali, Ehsan Ali Akbari Babukani, "Jurisprudential and Legal Study of Government Intrusion into Privacy", Islamic Human Rights Studies, Year 6, Issue 13, 2017.
15. Poor Abdullah, Kobra, Forough Al-Sadat Hosseini, Mohammad Mehdi Sayar, "The scope of parents' right to child rearing (a comparative study of the Iranian legal system with international documents", Strategic Studies of Women, No. 60, 2013.
16. Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar, Extensive in Legal Terminology, Second Edition, Tehran: Ganj-e-Danesh, 2002.
17. Javadi Amoli, Abdullah, Society in the Quran, second edition, Qom: Publishing Center, 2010.
18. Johari, Ismail Ibn Hammad, Al-Sahah, Taj al-Lugha and Sahah Al-Arabiya, third edition, Beirut: 1407 AH.
19. Hojjati, Seyed Mohammad Baqer, Islam and Education, 13th edition, Tehran: Islamic Culture Publishing Office, 2006.
20. Har Ameli, Sheikh Abu Ja'far, Tafsil Wasa'il al-Shi'ah to the study of Shari'a issues, third edition, Qom: Al-Bayt Institute, 1416 AH.
21. Harr Ameli, Sheikh Abu Ja'far, Tafsil Wasa'il al-Shi'ah to the study of Shari'a issues, third edition, Qom: Al-Bayt Institute, 1416 AH.
22. Hosseini Shirazi, Seyyed Mohammad, first edition, Qom: Institute of Islamic Thought, 1407 AH.
23. Hosseini Amidi, Sayyid Amid al-Din bin Muhammad Araj, The Treasure of Benefits in Solving the Problems of Rules, First Edition, Qom: Islamic Publishing Institute, 1416 AH.
24. Hali Mohammad Ibn Hassan, Explaining the Benefits in Explaining the Problems of the Rules, First Edition, Qom: Ismailian Institute, 2008.
25. Hali, Abu al-Qasim Ja'far ibn Hassan ibn Yahya ibn Sa'id, Sharia of Islam in lawful and forbidden matters, second edition, Qom: Ismaili Institute, 1408 AH.
26. Hali, Hassan Ibn Yusuf, Tazkerat al-Fiqh, first edition, Qom: Al-Bayt Institute, 1414 AH.
27. Halli, Hassan Ibn Yusuf, Different Shiites in the rules of Sharia, second edition, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1413 AH.
28. Hali, Hassan Ibn Yusuf, Qawa'd al-Ahkam, first edition, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1413 AH.
29. Hali, Hassan Ibn Yusuf, Jame'at al-Maqassid fi Sharh al-Qawa'd, second edition, vol. 5, Qom: Al-Bayt Foundation, 1414 AH.
30. Halli, Jamal al-Din, Ahmad ibn Muhammad Asadi, Al-Madhhab al-Bar'i fi Sharh al-Mukhtasar al-Nafi ', first edition, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1407 AH.
31. Khansari, Sayyid Ahmad ibn Yusuf, Jame 'al-Madarik fi Sharh al-Mukhtasar al-Nafi', second edition, vol. 2, Tehran: Maktab al-Saduq, 1976.
32. Khoei, Seyyed Abolghasem, Imam Khoei Encyclopedia, first edition, Qom: Imam Khoei Revival Institute, 1418 AH.
33. Khoei, Seyyed Abolghasem, Basics of completing the curriculum, first edition, vol. 2, Qom: Institute for the Revival of Imam Khoei's works, 1422 AH.
34. Delshad Tehrani, Mostafa, A Look at Islamic Education, Third Edition, Tehran: Zikr Publishing and Research, 1998.
35. Ragheb Isfahani, Hussein Ibn Muhammad, Vocabulary of Quranic Words, First Edition, Beirut: Dar al-Shamiya, 1412 AH.
36. Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din ibn Ali, Al-Rawdah al-Bahiyya in the explanation of the people of Damascus, first edition, Qom: Davari, 1410 AH.
37. Shahid Thani, Zayn al-Din ibn Ali, Masalak al-Afham al-Tanqih Sharia al-Islam, first edition, Qom: Institute of Islamic Studies, 1414 AH.
38. Safaei, Hussein; Assadollah Emami, Family Law (kinship and lineage and its effects), first edition, Tehran: Tehran University Publishing and Printing Institute, 1995.
39. Safaei, Seyed Hossein and Seyed Morteza Ghasemzadeh, Civil Rights of Persons and Inmates, Twenty-fifth Edition, Tehran: Samat, 1398.
40. Safaei, Seyed Hossein, Introductory Course in Civil Law, Obligations and Contracts, Higher Institute of Accounting, 1351.
41. Simari, Sheikh Mufleh, Ghayeh al-Maram fi Sharh Sharia al-Islam, first edition, Beirut: Dar al-Hadi, 1420 AH.
42. Talebi Tadi, Behnam, "Re-reading the concept of privacy from the perspective of Imami jurisprudence", Journal of Jurisprudence and Systematization of Justice, No. 2, 2017.
43. Tababaei, Sayyid Ali, Riyadh al-Masa'il, first edition, Qom: Al-Bayt Foundation for the Revival of Heritage, 1418 AH.
44. Tabataba'i, Sayyid Ali ibn Muhammad Ali ibn Abi al-Ma'ali, Riyadh al-Masa'il fi Tahqiq al-Ahkam al-Dala'il, first edition, Qom: Al-Bayt Foundation, 1418 AH.
45. Tusi, Muhammad ibn Hassan, Tahdhib al-Ahkam. Fourth edition, Tehran: Islamic Library, 1407 AH.
46. Tusi, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Hassan, Al-Khalaf Fi Al-Ahkam, first edition, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1407 AH.
47. Ebadi, Shirin, Child Rights: A Look at Children's Legal Issues in Iran, Fifth Edition, Vol. 1, Tehran: Kanoon, 2008.
48. Alireza A'rafi, Educational Jurisprudence, First Edition, Vol. 1, Qom: Ishraq and Erfan Cultural and Artistic Institute, 2012.
49. Ali Akbari Baboukani, Ehsan, Investigating the Privacy of Individuals in Imami Jurisprudence, First Edition, Tehran: Imam Sadegh University Press, 2012.
50. Amid Zanjani Abbas Ali, Political Jurisprudence, Third Edition, Tehran: Amir Kabir, 1421 AH.
51. Farahidi, Khalil bin Ahmad, Al-Ain, Qom: Dar al-Hijra Institute, second edition, 1414 AH.
52. Firuzabadi Mohammad Ibn Ya'qub, Al-Qamoos Al-Muhit, first edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Almiya, 1415 AH.
53. Katozian, Nasser, Family Civil Law, Third Edition, Tehran: Publishing Company, 1993.
54 .__________, Introductory Course in Family Civil Law, Sixth Edition, Tehran: Mizan, 2008.
55 .__________, Introductory Course in Civil Law, Legal Events, Seventh Edition, Tehran: Anteshar Co., 2004.
56. Kashif al-Ghatta ', Ja'far ibn Khidr, Kashf al-Ghatta' on the ambiguities of Sharia al-Ghara ', first edition, Qom: Islamic Publications Office, 1420 AH.
57. Kordnejad, Nasrin, "Study of the rule of no harm and its documents", Quranic research of the Covenant, first year, No. 1, 1394.
58. Karki, Noor al-Din, Jame 'al-Maqassid, second edition, Qom: Al-Bayt Institute, 1414 AH.
59. Department of Educational Sciences, Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute, Collection of Educational Articles, Qom: Imam Khomeini Institute, 2009.
60. Group of Writers, Religious Education in Contemporary Islamic Society, First Edition, Qom: Imam Khomeini Institute, 2009.
61. Golpayegani, Seyyed Mohammad Reza, Al-Dar Al-Manzoud Fi Ahkam Al-Hudood, first edition, Qom: Dar Al-Quran Al-Hakim, 1412 AH.
62. Center for Strategic Studies of the Presidency, Duties of Parents in Raising Children, Tehran: Institute of Enlightenment and Mysticism, Edition 4, 2012.
63. Meshkini, Mirza Ali, Terms of Principles and the Great of Research, sixth edition, Qom: Al-Hadi Publishing, 1995.
64. Mashhadi, Ali, Sajjad Mohammadloo, "Comparative study of the concept and criteria of privacy; Customary and Cultural Approach ", Comparative Law Research, Volume 20, Number 2, 2016.
65. Mustafavi, Hassan, Research on the Words of the Holy Quran, First Edition, Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, 2007.
66. Motahari Morteza, Collection of Works, First Edition, Qom: Sadra, 2004.
67. Mahdi Zadeh, Hossein, "Exploring the Quranic roots of the word" education "and its semantic consequences", Knowledge, No. 59, 2002.
68. Najafi, Hamed, Mahmoud Sadeghi, Morteza Shahbazinia, "Parental liability due to copyright infringement by children (comparative study in Iranian and American law)", Private Law Research, No. 27, 1398.
69. Najafi, Hamed, Mahmoud Sadeghi, Morteza Shahbazinia, "Representative Violation of Copyright in Iranian and American Law", Comparative Law Research, Volume 23, Number 2, 1398.
70. Najafi, Sheikh Mohammad Hassan, Jawahar al-Kalam Fi Sharh Sharia al-Islam, seventh edition, Beirut: Dar Al-Ahya Al-Tarath Al-Arabi, 1983.
Latin resources:
1. Akash Khosla, (2014). Regulation of cyber Space a socio legal study with special reference to cyber law in India, THESIS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE FACULTY OF LAW PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH. Available at http//hdl.handle.net/10603/87594.
5. Parent, W. A., (1983). Privacy, Morality and the Law, (Vol 12) , (No 4) , Princeton University Press.
6. Pfaffenberger, B , (2000) Dictionary of computer terms. (6th ed). Chicago, Il, Webster’s New World Book.
)